高中英语助动词是帮助构建句子时态、语态、语气及否定/疑问结构的辅助动词,主要分为以下几类:
一、基本助动词(三大类)
be动词 用于构成进行时态(如现在进行时:They are having a meeting.)、被动语态(如The window was broken.)及完成时态。
示例:
现在时:She is reading a book.
被动语态:The cake was eaten by the children.
完成时:He has finished his homework.
do/does/did
用于构成一般现在时、一般过去时及一般将来时。
示例:
现在时:He does his homework every day.
过去时:She did her homework yesterday.
将来时:We will call you later.
have/has/had
用于构成现在完成时、过去完成时及现在完成进行时。
示例:
现在完成时:They have visited Paris twice.
过去完成时:By the time we arrived, the meeting had started.
现在完成进行时:She has been studying for hours.
二、半助动词
介于主动词和助动词之间的结构,需与主要动词一起使用。
be to: 表示计划或安排(如:He is to call you tomorrow.) be about to
be due to:表示原因(如:The project is delayed due to the weather.)
be likely to:表示可能性(如:It is likely to rain tomorrow.)
be meant to:表示目的或意图(如:This gift is meant to surprise you.)
三、情态助动词
表示情感态度或义务,独立使用。
情态动词:must(必须)、may(可能)、can(能够)、should(应该)、will(将会)、shall(将会)等
示例:
必须:You must finish your homework before you can play.
可能:He may call you later.
将会:We shall meet at 6 PM.
四、注意事项
语法意义与词汇意义:
助动词无实际意义,仅起语法作用;汉语助动词(如“要”“能”)则具有实际意义。
用法区别
现在分词(如running)表示主动或进行,过去分词(如broken)表示被动或完成;
动词不定式(如to call)可表示计划、命令或目的。
通过掌握以上分类及用法,可系统构建高中英语句子结构。